LENR Is Real

[Axil]

BTW how are the conditions for a boson condensate met at 1400C+?

This is were new science comes in. Boson condensation can be achieved by lowering temperature, true, but is can also be achieved by reducing the mass of the boson to 10E-11 that of the electron. Also extremely high densities of the boson ensemble push the temperatures that condensation can be achieved to very high levels. Rossi has showed that boson condensation(polaritons) can occur at temperatures beyond 2000C.

[JoeP]

Rossi hasn't shown anything, IMO, especially some exotic state of matter.

Axil, you seem to state these tangential theories as if they are known facts or something. The authors of the recent paper even admit and state multiple times that they have no theory that explains the excess energy and the isotopic transmutations that they believe to have happened in the last test. Why bother. Why are you so uncritically accepting?

Plenty of evidence exists to rule out the excess heat as well include many as opportunities for fraud. Since these are significant probabilities, there is no reason to reach for exotic theories and reasons for supposed explanations.

First things first: Was the test done properly to rule out fraud? No. (Again.)

Second: Was the calorimetry done properly? No. (Again and again.)

Therefore speculation as to theory of operation is unproductive until the above problems are satisfactorily resolved (if ever -- and my bet is we will never see a product or a success from Rossi). This "test" has been extremely disappointing. While I gave Rossi maybe a 1% doubt, that is now for all purposes zero in my mind at this point.

[Axil]

Hear a recent interview with Rossi:



http://coldfusionnow.org/andrea-rossi-o ... interview/





Courtesy of John Maguire and Ruby Carat. Rossi on the report (to paraphrase): the calculation of the COP in the report was very conservative; it's possible that the real COP was higher.

[tomclarke]

BTW how are the conditions for a boson condensate met at 1400C+?

This is were new science comes in. Boson condensation can be achieved by lowering temperature, true, but is can also be achieved by reducing the mass of the boson to 10E-11 that of the electron. Also extremely high densities of the boson ensemble push the temperatures that condensation can be achieved to very high levels. Rossi has showed that boson condensation(polaritons) can occur at temperatures beyond 2000C.

So other than the claim that Rossi has shown this - which he manifestly has not - I don't see how this helps. Bosons do not have a mass of 10E-11 electron. Nor is there is there theory or evidence that I know of dense boson condensates at temperatures other than near absolute zero, let alone at 1400C.

The problem with high, or even medium, temperatures is fundamental, not some engineering rule of thumb.

[Axil]

BTW how are the conditions for a boson condensate met at 1400C+?

This is were new science comes in. Boson condensation can be achieved by lowering temperature, true, but is can also be achieved by reducing the mass of the boson to 10E-11 that of the electron. Also extremely high densities of the boson ensemble push the temperatures that condensation can be achieved to very high levels. Rossi has showed that boson condensation(polaritons) can occur at temperatures beyond 2000C.

So other than the claim that Rossi has shown this - which he manifestly has not - I don't see how this helps. Bosons do not have a mass of 10E-11 electron. Nor is there is there theory or evidence that I know of dense boson condensates at temperatures other than near absolute zero, let alone at 1400C.

The problem with high, or even medium, temperatures is fundamental, not some engineering rule of
thumb.

http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/jo ... /1.3678015

Within the optical cavity, the photons acquire an effective mass as determined by the cut-off frequency of the cavity that can be 6–7 orders of magnitude less than mass of an electron. Depending upon the density, this allows for a BEC transition temperature that can approach room temperature. Polaritons are also ultra-light quasiparticles that are known to condense in systems composed of a semiconducting quantum well sandwiched between two reflective mirrors. 2–6 In this case, however, the polaritons act as hard-core Bosons and scattering at high density allows for a rapid thermalization of the gas.

Note: the temperature of condensation of polaritons is proportional to the density of the polaritons and so is their effective mass. The Ni/H reactor produces a huge density of coherent polaritons far greater than what a single Nano-cavity can produce.

Within the Ni/H reactor's reaction, there is a positive feedback mechanism in place that converts nuclear energy into infrared photons and electrons from more vigorous dipole motion. This energy infusion pushes the density of the polaritons to extreme levels causing the condensate to establish at ever higher temperatures.

[paperburn1]

[birchoff]

ROFL

[Axil]

Just some food for Collective thought… as to why no dead grad students.



“Perfect energy-feeding into strongly coupled systems and interferometric control of polariton absorption”

http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vao ... s3106.html



Abstract

The ability to drive a system with an external input is a fundamental aspect of light–matter interaction. The key concept in many photonic applications is the ‘critical coupling’ condition1, 2: at criticality, all the energy fed to the system is dissipated within the system itself. Although this idea was crucial to enhance the efficiency of many devices, it was never considered in the context of systems operating in a non-perturbative regime. In this so-called strong-coupling regime, the matter and light degrees of freedom are mixed into dressed states, leading to new eigenstates called polaritons3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Here we demonstrate that the strong-coupling regime and the critical coupling condition can coexist;



[emphasis mine]

>>>> in such a strong critical coupling situation, all the incoming energy is converted into polaritons. <<<<



A general semiclassical theory reveals that such a situation corresponds to a special curve in the phase diagram of the coupled light–matter oscillators. In the case of a system with two radiating ports, the phenomenology shown is that of coherent perfect absorption (CPA; refs 11, 12), which is then naturally understood in the framework of critical coupling. Most importantly, we experimentally verify polaritonic CPA in a semiconductor-based intersubband-polariton photonic crystal resonator. This result opens new avenues in polariton physics, making it possible to control the pumping efficiency of a system independent of the energy exchange rate between the electromagnetic field and the material transition.

The size of the coherent system is the key. Many bodies share the distribution of energy and total coherent system energy changes. Two body systems like that heretofore considered in hot fusion physics (and extended to all solid state physics by many) are not the answer to the cold fusion question in most cases IMHO.

[JoeP]

Axil, just maybe, maybe there are no dead observers to the ECat because thermal resister heaters warming up an inert powder of various compounds and elements salted with some pricey enriched Ni62 metal do not generate gamma rays and fast neutrons. I know it sounds like a fringe, offbeat kinda theory. Probably too crazy to consider. Forget I mentioned it.

[Axil]

Axil, just maybe, maybe there are no dead observers to the ECat because thermal resister heaters warming up an inert powder of various compounds and elements salted with some pricey enriched Ni62 metal do not generate gamma rays and fast neutrons. I know it sounds like a fringe, offbeat kinda theory. Probably too crazy to consider. Forget I mentioned it.

There has been a huge amount of replication data revealed in recent days and it would be worthwhile, IMHO, to try to get a LENR reaction to take hold in a open source format. Also none of the miracles of cold fusion are beyond current science, if that science is properly applied through innovative engineering.

I would like to see the study of the neutron replaced by a study of the polariton as a more benign application of nuclear physics. So sorry that you may need to go back to school to stay in the nuclear industry.

[Grumalg]

The E-cat: cold fusion or scientific fraud?
What the “independent tests” really teach us, if we’re willing to look carefully.
https://medium.com/starts-with-a-bang/t ... 4f15676f96

[tomclarke]

Axil, just maybe, maybe there are no dead observers to the ECat because thermal resister heaters warming up an inert powder of various compounds and elements salted with some pricey enriched Ni62 metal do not generate gamma rays and fast neutrons. I know it sounds like a fringe, offbeat kinda theory. Probably too crazy to consider. Forget I mentioned it.

There has been a huge amount of replication data revealed in recent days and it would be worthwhile, IMHO, to try to get a LENR reaction to take hold in a open source format. Also none of the miracles of cold fusion are beyond current science, if that science is properly applied through innovative engineering.

I would like to see the study of the neutron replaced by a study of the polariton as a more benign application of nuclear physics. So sorry that you may need to go back to school to stay in the nuclear industry.

Perhaps I'm just dim. I'm not seeing the connection between polaritons and nuclear physics.

High density polariton states consist of most of the energy as photons - which outnumber polaritons vastly, and the electron-hole pairs strongly coupled. This is inevitable because the electrons and holes are fermions and at high density they fill up momentum space, whereas the photons can all occupy the lowest energy state. Therefore the equilibrium in such a system tends towards many free photons at high densities.

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.3141.pdf

[Axil]

Perhaps I'm just dim. I'm not seeing the connection between polaritons and nuclear physics.

High density polariton states consist of most of the energy as photons - which outnumber polaritons vastly, and the electron-hole pairs strongly coupled. This is inevitable because the electrons and holes are fermions and at high density they fill up momentum space, whereas the photons can all occupy the lowest energy state. Therefore the equilibrium in such a system tends towards many free photons at high densities.

http://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.3141.pdf

A nuclear reaction occurs when a sufficient quantity of energy is applied to the nucleus. For example, in splitting the atom, the initiating energy is found mostly in the energized and unstable uranium nucleus, where the free neutron is the final feather that triggers the release of potential energy upon entering that nucleus to tip the energy balance beyond the threshold of nuclear disruption.

In the fusion of stable elements, all the energy of disruption must come from outside the nucleus since those nuclei are all usually in their lowest energy state. In a fusion reaction, a high energy laser or a bank of superconducting magnets supplies the huge amounts of energy provided by a giant machine that is the size of a football stadium. This energy is used to squeeze the hydrogen atoms together so that they bump into each other so hard that they break through the electromagnetic shell that keeps the elements separate.

But if LENR is indeed real, the conundrum is where all that required disruptive energy comes from, and usually from a microscopic structure that is too small to be even seen.

The key concept that explains this mystery of LENR is extreme energy concentration at the atomic level and its precise focusing on a small volume of space.

This energy concentration mechanism is the primary engine of causation that underpins LENR in all its many and varied guises.

The next question that comes up is what can carry force into the nucleus? The answer, the force of magnetism is that form of energy that projects disruptive energy into the nucleus.

There are a number of methods in LENR that first creates and then strengthens this magnetic force to a power level sufficient to disrupt the nuclear binding force. To keep things simple, we will restrict ourselves to the technology and the science used to make the Ni/H reactor work. That science is called Nanoplasmonics.

Nanoplasmonics is a very new science. This science sprang into existence from a technique of chemical analysis founded by Martin Fleischmann in 1974, 40 years ago this year. This science took a turn into optics some 19 years ago when Mark I. Stockman discovered that hot spots developed in a pile of nanoparticles.

Please see what Greg Goble says here: http://coldfusionnow.org/science-inspir ... eischmann/

Fast growing, diversification, discoveries, and applications have followed; now Nanoplasmonics is in a stage of accelerated development. See this relevant paper for the basics and an overview:

http://www.phy-astr.gsu.edu/stockman/da ... ations.pdf

or perform a fast search on Google Scholar.

Nanoplasmonics is a branch of optical condensed matter science devoted to optical phenomena on the nanoscale in nanostructured metal systems. A remarkable property of such systems is their ability to store the optical energy concentrated on the nanoscale due to modes called surface plasmons (SPs).

This explanation and its understanding are not easy. It requires us to grasp how heat, radiation and electrons affect each other in the lattice and in the surrounding gas envelope. This comprehension is vital to the control and mastery of the LENR Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni/H) reactor.

One of the key concepts to appreciate is resonance in all its many forms. It is a cornerstone of LENR. In LENR, one instance of resonance builds on the next in a ladder of powerful exponentially increasing interdependent processes of self-reinforcing amplification. Surprisingly, these resonant processes affect just a few critical parameters that drive the LENR reaction.

To get this description started, the explanation of the LENR reaction begins with how the boundary between a metal and an insulator forms a perfect mirror which confines light and electrons within a few nanometers of the surface of the metal. When this mirror is at its very best, very little light and electrons can escape to the far field. The surface of the metal becomes a black hole for EMF where light and electrons can enter but cannot escape.

Collective charge oscillations at the boundaries between an insulating dielectric medium (such as air or glass or in our example hydrogen) and a metal (such as gold, silver, and copper or in our example nickel) are able to sustain the propagation of visible-frequency electromagnetic waves (EMF) or in our case infrared EMF known as surface-plasmon-polaritons (SPP).

SPPs are guided along metal-dielectric interfaces much in the same way that light can be guided by an optical fiber, with the unique characteristic of sub wavelength-scale confinement perpendicular to the interface. In other words, the SPPs sticks like glue to the metal surface.

An SPP is a strange and wonderful form of EMF. An infrared light photon becomes part of the electron when the energy of the two becomes equal. Being trapped together, because the photon and the electron bounce around on the surface of the metal for so long, the waveforms of both change constantly under the influence of destructive interference. This is called Fano resonance. Fano resonance is like a Cuisinart for EMF. It chops and blends electrons and photons together until the EMF mix contains only SPPs. In this blending process, SPPs acquire the most desirable characteristics of both photons and electrons.

An SPP is now converted from an electron: a fermion to a boson: a force carrier. Most of the mass and the charge of the electron are lost in SPP formation but a very small amount of mass remains. But the spin of the SPP is increased to 1, which is the spin of the photon. The SPP now becomes a powerful carrier of spin, the source of the atomic level magnetic field and it has lost the charge that prevents concentration of electrons from occurring.

Now, the SPPs allow for an unlimited concentration of spin carrying particles to accumulate at the surface of the metal.

The spin of all those SPPs must be given a coherent and productive form to be more effective. This is accomplished by chopping the metal lattice into nano-sized pieces called nana-particles. These particles are sized from 50nm to as small as 1 or 2 nm. Because they are so small, they possess a huge curvature. In other words, they are very sharp. This extreme curvature forces the SPPs to form a tight vortex current on the surface of one of the sides of the nano-particle just like a big rock forms a vortex hole in a river rapid.

Another type of resonant wave forms called a whispering gallery wave. This circular wave continues the standardization of the wavelengths of the SPPs through more Fano resonance. The end result is the formation of a lone spin wave with a single huge amplitude at a single frequency in the extreme ultraviolet. Such a solitary wave is called a soliton.

In the vortex flow of all the SPPs, they combined their individual wave forms into a single waveform that projects the sum of their combined spin into a narrow beam axially located and projecting normal to the direction of the vortex flow. That narrow beam of spin is called an anapole magnetic field. The SPP soliton is also known as a magnetic monopole.

Gold is the metal of choice in nanoplasmonic experimentation. In Nanoplasmonics experimentation, a concentration of EMF power is routinely observed in the gap between gold nanoparticles demonstrating an EMF amplification factor of 10^^9.

The record of such observed EMF application is a factor of 10^^15 or 100 trillion watts per cm2. That is existing science mind you.

If Rossi has succeeded in increasing that EMF application power by another 7 orders of magnitude, what would happen to the matter in the vicinity of that amplified EMF field?

The NiH reactor technology has advanced power concentration over what can be produced by the spherical gold particles in nanoplasmonic experiments through material and technological improvements as follows:

1 - Rossi invented a compound nickel micro particle comprised of a solid core with a nanowire coating. This improvement increases EMF power amplification over anything that Nanoplasmonics can provide.

2 - The use of dielectric pressurized hydrogen instead of ambient air is another power amplification improvement that has been added in the Ni/H technology. A strong dielectric factor of pressurized hydrogen keeps the SPPs confined on the surface of the nickel micro-particle.

3 – Rossi uses nickel which is best suited for nanoplasmonic reactions involving infrared light. The performance of the metal in the nanoplasmonic reaction is proportional to its ability to reflect the light that powers the reaction. Gold and silver are good at visible wavelengths, but are not so good at infrared light. Nickel is almost a perfect reflector of infrared light and therefor best suited in reactions in a hot Ni/H reactor. Nickel keeps the loss of light to a minimum by no absorbing any.

4 - The size of the nickel particles are also another improvement over nanoplasmonic technology. Five microns is the resonant black body particle size that corresponds to optimum dipole vibrations at 400C. Dipole thermal vibrations carried by one dimensional ballistic superconductivity provided by nickel nanowires are the EMF energy source that will be amplified by the other aforementioned power amplification mechanisms to produce a magnetic soliton carrying 6*10^^23 electrons converted into surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)s through infrared photon entanglement. This entanglement allows for massive packing of a huge numbers of spin carrying particles into the magnetic soliton at the tip of each nanowire. In LENR+, this is called static Nuclear Active Environment (NAE) because the soliton that each nanowire produces is fixed and immovable at the tip of each nanowire. These NAE provides a reaction bootstrap effect for the dynamic NAE described below.

What would such a concentration of magnetic energy (10^^16 tesla) do to the matter in a few nanometers of the projected anapole magnetic beam coming from the soliton? This magnetic force is the biggest concentration of magnetism to be found in the universe.

If a billion of these solitons were entangled in a SPP Bose Einstein Condensate in a coherent power grid (like a laser) with each member of the ensemble providing power to the each individual reaction participant, what would be the result? I would guess a huge projection of magnetic power that will disrupt the atomic forces enclosed in the path of its beam.

To describe the SPP BEC in more detailed terms, the SPP has another important advantage over the electron. Because it is a force carrier, it is very social. And because of the coulomb barrier, the election is a loner and hates to crowd together. Because it is a boson and very light, the SPP will readily form a Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC) at very high temperatures. Most people think that a BEC can only be formed at temperatures near absolute zero. This low temperature requirement is only applicable because the very heavy atoms are used to form low temperature BECs. Atoms are very heavy as condensates go. When a particle is almost massless, its BEC can form at and then persist at extremely high temperatures. Therefore, all the SPP solitons that reside inside the hot Ni/H reactor will readily form into a BEC.

This condensate will contribute to all the miracles associated with LENR. It will shield gamma radiation by thermalizing it through a distribution to all the members of the BEC. It will also lend energy to the soliton that decides to disrupt one or more atoms. It acts as a power grid that connects all the solitons that have formed inside the Ni/H reactor whereby these solitons share both incoming and outgoing energy equitably.

I will end with a deception of the nuclear active environment (NAE) where the rubber meets the road in the Ni/H reactor.

My understanding of the NAE in the Ni/H reactor is informed by the way the Rossi reactor melts down.

It looks to me that there is a two stage NAE process at play. We call these two NAE mechanisms static NAE and dynamic NAE.
At initialization of the Ni/H process, the reaction is first carried by the 5 micron nickel particles at the time before the initiation of plasma formation. This powder is in a confined volume but is comprised of many nano sized sources: nanowires that cover the micro-powder. These nanowires produce a soliton at or near their tips. These solitons are fixed to these tips, but they produce enough heat and soliton coherence to start the BEC formation process. These solitons must be periodically pumped by a plasma formation process that injects energy into the solitons to make up for losses that are produced by dispersion. These LENR structures are subcritical which means they need to be pumped vigorously to retain their nuclear activity.

There is a stage of reactor activity when dynamically formed NAE forms in the hydrogen envelope as a result of nanoparticle formation through condensation of plasma produced by the periodic plasma formation burst.

These nanoparticles will gather under self-aggregation and begin to concentrate optical power. Similar to the way a lightning bolt is formed, when the aggregation get big enough and the magnetic power level is high enough, a nuclear reaction is initiated by the projection of a magnetic beam into the surrounding hydrogen Rydberg crystals. One or more atoms are disrupted and are reorganized into a new nuclear configuration. The excess nuclear binding energy is fed back into the BEC power connect and storage and the nanoparticle aggregation is partially or totally destroyed.

The magnetic power that is projected by the nanoparticle aggregate is proportional to the number of nanoparticles in that aggregation.

Being subcritical, as more and more nanoparticle aggregations are disassembled or destroyed, the Ni/H starts to lose its ability to produce power.

The next plasma pulse will rebuild the dynamic NAE at the beginning of the next power cycle. It will also pump energy into the static NAE to reenergize them

If the Dynamic NAE is overstimulated, its hell to pay and a positive feedback cycle begins in which Dynamic NAE produce more new aggregations than are destroyed; and a reactor meltdown results.

The meltdown has nothing to do with the static NAE centered on the nickel micro particles which have melted into a liquid early on in the meltdown process.

The positive feedback meltdown loop will persist even in the face of an uncontrolled and accelerating reaction for as long as the hydrogen envelope remains intact.

In summation, there are many enabling details that I did not get into just so I could keep things simple. But this subject is far from simple. In recent times I am coming to believe that LENR is a critical part of science that is not appreciated and could answer many of the profound mysteries that come up in science. Let us hope that LENR acceptance increases in the very near future.

[ladajo]

That was surely a lot of typing that I am not going to read.

Gold Star Award for Technobabble again!
Congrats Axil.

You really need to go back to fundamentals and stop thinking you are smarter than you are. It is killing your credibility.

[GIThruster]

Perhaps I'm just dim. I'm not seeing the connection between polaritons and nuclear physics.

Pretty sure you're right here. IIUC, all "quasiparticles" are accounting measures or mathematical constructions much like virtual particles, in that they only describe behavior. There is no reason to suppose they exist. So using them to describe behavior other than what is observed is silly. The concept only exists to give us a handy, reduced explanation. It is not an accurate description of real events. So any model that uses this approximation, is not really looking at the actual issue. This is one of my beefs with White's QVF model. It's based on virtual particles that have no mass and do not gravitate, transferring momentum, which means they must have inertial mass but not gravitational mass--a direct violation of Einstein's Equivalence Principle and all of GR. You don't make bone-headed mistakes like this if you're paying attention to what the actual tool and models are supposed to be used for. This is why Sean Carroll at CalTech has been so critical of White's model, even calling it "bullshit" in the press--because he's incensed that someone is proposing a misuse of such tools. This is likewise what Shawyer did with the "group velocity" concept.