A Sequel to The Google Talk

Point out news stories, on the net or in mainstream media, related to polywell fusion.

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Tom Ligon
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by Tom Ligon »

MSimon wrote:You will also note in the video that he mentions he has bean counters to answer to. That means he has at least some beans lined up.
Well, it could just mean he anticipates that bean counters will want to know what these would take to maintain, and he's just thinking ahead.

Then again, maybe you're right. Who knows? (No, I won't answer that.)

mvanwink5
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by mvanwink5 »

I would suggest that this was obviously not a business proposal, just a talk to an interested group. So, drawing business conclusions would seem to be a really great leap. Given that, it does seem like some serious discussions are being made and that is encouraging, (from the point of view of the nose bleed section of the bleachers.)

In so far as proposals, at no cost to myself, I'll defer to others who likely have better insight than provided by my stadium seats.
Counting the days to commercial fusion. It is not that long now.

D Tibbets
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by D Tibbets »

Expansion from my previous post.:

Dr Parks did mention a radius of two meters- diameter of 4. My calculation on confinement time-time to complete a certain number of passes would thus be two times longer . This would be ~ 52 times longer than in Mini B rather than 26 times that I previously calculated. This assumes everything else was unchanged, except for the required presence of a deep potential well.

This also requires further description of the loss mechanisms in Mini B. Stated confinement time of ~ 7 passes implies this was the cusp confinement time. But in this small machine with relatively wide spacing between magnets, and non magnetically shielded or poorly magnetically shielded surfaces inside the magrid, losses could have been significantly worse than an ideal machine.
Then there is the issue of recirculation that is absent and/ or ignored in this machine. With a grounded magrid and lots of hardware outside the magrid to intercept electrons that might loop around to another cusp, recirculation is probably very minimal.
I have often wondered how big the Wiffleball confined volume (radius ) would be compared to machine diameter. Mention of ~ 10 cm in this ~21 cm outside diameter and ~ 15 cm inside diameter machine gives a baseline.

The different units used for pressure can be confusing. Microns are often used in the amateur Fusor community, Pascals is the officially accepted SI unit. I often use atmospheres since almost everyone is familiar with what one atmosphere is, and thus saying 1 millionth of an atmosphere is immediately relevant. What is a Pascal, if you are not familiar, it always causes you to pause and translate. There are ~ 100,000 pascals in one atmosphere. Interestingly at ~ 1 Pascal or ~ 7 Microns glow discharge is becoming significant in a plasma (arc breakdown) . How is this breakdown addressed in Dr Parks expectations. Dr Bussard emphasized the importance of this consideration. If Dr Grad's prediction of high Beta (Wiffleball trapping) gains being ~ 500,000 times better than low Beta cusp confinement might give a ratio of ~ 1 million over background pressure outside the magrid . If this background is limited to ~ 1 pascal probably close to a tenth of this), then maximum sustainable internal pressure would be ~ up to 1 to 10 million pascals. This optimistic extrapolation of Dr Grad's prediction is consistent with Dr Parks number, at least from this consideration.

Dr Parks did use 98 atmosphere pressures in the projected machine at one point (at~ 58 minutes) at somewhere 5-7 Tesla, I'm not sure which example he was referring to. He promised to expand on this later but did not. This was not the Mini-B machine (or HBCTS- High Beta Cusp Test System as he referred to it). If density scales as B ^2 and Mini-B was near Beta=1 (actually 0.7) and had ~ 10-100 Pascal (mentioned at ~46 minutes into the video), then with B at ~ 20-30 times higher than in Mini B, the density would be ~ 400 to 900 times higher. Round up to 1000 times higher. This would be ~ 10,000 to 100,0000 Pascals or ~ 0.1 to 1.0 atmospheres. I don't know where his number ~ 100 times higher came from. This is also subsantially higher (by a factor of 100-1000 times) than the 10^22 particles per M^3 that I have long understood was the target density. Clarifications on these numbers would be appreciated.

http://www.convertunits.com/from/pascal ... %C2%B0C%5D
The SI derived unit for pressure is the pascal.
1 pascal is equal to 7.50061561303 micron of mercury [0 °C].
I appreciate that using D-T fuel as a baseline for scientific targets makes since, but practically I am doubtful that it is a viable fuel for a Polywell. In a Tokamak, with the magnets outside the first wall, neutron driven tritium production is at least conceivable, but with the magrid being the (partial) first wall in a Polywell, the neutron losses to the magrid would be difficult to overcome from a tritium production perspective. Then there is the neutron heating and destruction inside the magrid cases that would occur in this compact machine...

Dan Tibbets
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MSimon
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by MSimon »

GIThruster wrote:Also it makes it very difficult to understand given this magnificent team you report, how anyone could present any figure apart from a timeline, as anyone who knows anything about project management would shudder at this.
Well. Lets see. If material costs are 20X greater than personnel costs the burn rate is not significant re: the overall project. Rounding error.

I have been doing BOE on a similar project and the cost of people is insignificant.

As to GANTT chart if you are doing explorations it would be just a WAG. He says 3 years. But what if he hits snags and it is 5 or 7? Anything you would do in that realm could only be offered as a starting point because of known unknowns and unknown unknowns.
Engineering is the art of making what you want from what you can get at a profit.

Tom Ligon
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by Tom Ligon »

You folks all have your copies of the NRL Plasma Formulary handy, right? I know you do because the Polywell is pretty much designed straight from it, and RWB was forever going to the board with a piece of chalk in one hand and the Plasma Formulary in the other. If you have somehow neglected to get one, you can download it after a quick web search.

Various editions have different paging, but the section to look for is Fundamental Plasma Parameters. On my 1994 edition, this section starts on p 28, and down at the bottom of p 29 is "Magnetic pressure is given by ..." Well, heck, I'll be darned if it does not give the results in atmospheres. I mean, of all the cockeyed units one could pick for a physics handbook!

But then again, the units involved are B in kG or Teslas, and I see dynes and cm in there. 8 pi is a dead giveaway that there is a cgs/SI units mismatch to compensate for. And the result in atmospheres.

The old physicists like RWB used this conversion mismatch stuff all the time. It must drive the youngsters nuts. Worse, we'd sometimes stick in a few English measurements just for fun.

Anyway, Pmag goes as the square of B. 3.93 (B/Bo) ^2 gives atmospheres where Bo is a Tesla or 10 kgauss depending on your choice of units. For B = 5 T you do indeed get 98.25 atmospheres. Complicated somewhat by where exactly your 5T is, because magnetic fields are devilishly complex, particularly when squished together with a squirming diamagnetic plasma pushing them back. But as long as you have the stable cusp geometry and don't overwhelm it, a happy medium should be found.

Now compare that units system to dynamic pressure (used in aeronautics) at speeds less than 1/3 Mach.
Dynamic pressure in Pa = (Ro V^2)/2, where Ro is density in kg/m^3 and V is in meters/sec. No funky units conversion ... the SI units just make it fall right out. It even works supersonic if you are careful ... it has to be a simple case like a blunt body.

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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by mvanwink5 »

Then there is the issue of recirculation that is absent and/ or ignored in this machine. With a grounded magrid and lots of hardware outside the magrid to intercept electrons that might loop around to another cusp, recirculation is probably very minimal.
It seemed to me that recirculation has been dropped as a significant effect once cusps were squashed closed, I mean how do the electrons get back in given the difficulty getting out? Which leads to my second issue of how to heat the plasma with electron injection presumably through the cusps? I guess the herd of electrons (cats if you will) are well trained.
Counting the days to commercial fusion. It is not that long now.

D Tibbets
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by D Tibbets »

mvanwink5 wrote:
Then there is the issue of recirculation that is absent and/ or ignored in this machine. With a grounded magrid and lots of hardware outside the magrid to intercept electrons that might loop around to another cusp, recirculation is probably very minimal.
It seemed to me that recirculation has been dropped as a significant effect once cusps were squashed closed, I mean how do the electrons get back in given the difficulty getting out? Which leads to my second issue of how to heat the plasma with electron injection presumably through the cusps? I guess the herd of electrons (cats if you will) are well trained.
Dr Bussard stressed the importance of recirculation to get the final order of magnitude (~10X) improvement in electron confinement efficiency to reach breakeven capability. This applies to primary electron magnetic containment efficiencies appreciated with WB6. If the electron primary electron confinement efficiency in WB7 to WB8 showed further improvement due to nub replacement, etc. then this recirculation boost may have become less important. There are potential tradoffs, with electrons being slowed , stoped and reversed just byond the magrid midplane. This could be a problem like the cusp plugging (cold electrons near the magrid midplane radius ) in WB5, just not as severe. So there may be reasons to avoid it if not needed.

As for getting the electrons back in once they have exited a cusp, the direct reversal and reentry seems the most likely given that these electrons are already on trajectories/ field lines that have allowed their exit- within the loss cone for the cusp. Given that the electrons have not been upscattered or suffered collisional displacement during this short turn around time outside the cusps, it seems to me that they would be quite likely to re enter. This is different from the virgin E- gun electrons that have to struggle to enter due to aiming and focusing effects as they approach the cusp from much greater distances.

Heating the plasma is not like traditional magnetic containment where you inject hot plasma, and supliment heating with microwaves or fusion ions, to keep it hot (or hotter) against hot particle losses and radiative losses. Ideally, the plasma is heated in the since that the ions are accelerated by the space charge from the fast excess electrons- the potential well. What limits this is the loss of fast electrons and/ or cooling of the electrons. You need a Goldilocks situation. Electrons need to be contained long enough, but not so long that they cool much. This may or not be achievable, I don't know. Electron supplemental heating with microwaves or other means may be needed. The ions could be heated also, but I would think this would compromise the cold ions on the top of their potential well status somewhat. This is perhaps an advantage of recirculation with a positively charged magrid. The electrons will cool progressively over their lifetime. It may be better to lose them through a cusp earlier rather than later, and reheat them (re accelerate them to the full voltage) back through the same cusp. The only energy cost would be the difference between the original electron energy on virgin entry and the amount of cooling of the escaped electron (plus some other concerns as mentioned above due to ExB losses and up scattering fractional losses).

I can come up with several hand waving reasons why positive magrid, same cusp recirculation is beneficial aside from electron cusp confinement limit enhancement. The only draw back I have come up with is the possible issue of cold electrons near the cusp mid plane or just beyond it. It might not only effect the internal potential well from the contained ions perspective but also diffuse and reduce injection efficiency of fast electrons coming from the distant E-guns. This is among the reasons why I wonder if a compromise might be the best...well... compromise. An intermediate positive voltage on the magrid might slow the escaping electrons and recover much of their energy but not stop them. This would reduce the cold electrons in the cusp problem but help the energy budget. Such pulling voltage on the intermediate voltage E-gun electrons would give the final input target voltage and perhaps better focus the electrons, allowing for better injection efficiency.

Dan Tibbets
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Tom Ligon
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by Tom Ligon »

One of the things to come out of this is that Dr. Park seems to have switched to e-guns rather than attempting to use the magnets as an accelerating structure (magrid). There's a long line of reasoning that led to the magrid idea, and I've done my share to reinforce it, but it may have been a bad idea.

Farnsworth did NOT use grids, he used ion guns. Hirsch realized he could do the same thing with a grid structure, but of course we know the limitations of the Hirsch-Farnsworth fusor.

We've been treating the Polywell as a magnetically-insulated Elmore-Tuck-Watson machine, talking about diamagnetic wiffleballs, using the convex field stability principle, but not giving Grad enough credit. Thinking of it as an Elmore-Tuck-Watson machine makes one think in terms of using the magnets as a magrid. But then it opens you up to all sorts of nasty discharges that terminate the run, and maybe other disadvantages. If you trigger ionization outside a magrid, you're doomed -- the Paschen discharges that terminated the WB-6 runs.

The little cusp confinement machine kinda gets back toward Farnsworth (but with e-guns rather than ion guns), and it also throws a lot of emphasis on Grad's contribution, pure cusp confinement and the diamagnetic zone.

One thing I've said here for a long time is that PXL-1, which had the polyhedral magnets but on the outside of the chamber, lacked a magrid, yet did some really fascinating stuff, including storing a huge amount of energy that caught us by surprise when we cut the magnets too early. And it used an e-gun. It did develop a small glow-ball in the center when we had it running nicely, but the most we could feed it was around ten kW. I now suspect it was forming a wiffle golf ball, and in fact I probably saw the thing once or twice. Kicked with a short pulse in the 100's of MW to inflate a real wiffleball, that rascal might have done something. Field strength on PXL-1 was comparable to the small cusp test machine. WB-5 was a similar geometry to PXL-1. Dr. Bussard kept coming back to the idea (HEPS, PXL, and WB-5) ... likely he was on the right track but was not understanding the startup power required.

I was never really the expert on these things ... I just hung around and bent tin for them. But I think Dr. Park has his head wrapped around this thing now, probably better than Bussard. Furthermore, going back to Dr. Krall's papers back in the DTI/HEPS era, I think Krall probably does as well, and may have had it pretty much right in the '90s. And that was e-guns. Electrodynamic fusion is still promising. But what's the best way, guns, or a magrid? Maybe both. But maybe not all magrid.

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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by ohiovr »

How in the world do you go from atmospheres in to what tokamacs, polywells, and IEC devices use? Are we talking about the fuel dispersion? Fuel plasma I mean. I mean the 100 million degree K plasma. Yeah that stuff. Power increases by the square of the density. So I'm told. Anyway lets say the density of ITER is 1/10th of an atmosphere and produces roughly 500 kilowatts per cubic meter. Sure I know the density is far lower than that. But for the heck of arguing lets see what happens when we have an 100 million degree K atmosphere composed of deuterium and tritium same as ITER, however the pressure (or density) is 980 times more. Here are some crude calculations:

500,000 watts per cubic meter * 980 * 980

I get

480,200,000,000 watts

That's 480 Gigawatts, per cubic meter. But wait.. there's more.. The reaction volume is even bigger than one cubic meter!

And Iter sure as hell has less pressure than 1/10th of an atmosphere! Lots less

Oh maybe the presenter was just boasting.. like saying we could do that kind of pressure if we really wanted to.

Nope! Even if you really wanted to, that container would evaporate. And its supposed to have cryogenics within centimeters of the reactor volume. Man..

But..

There is plenty of time to restate what the expectations are. Misprints and all...

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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by mvanwink5 »

They are different machines. In Polywell, the pressure referred to in Dr. Park's presentation is generated by the electrons at the boundary of the plasma where it meets the magnetic fields (remember the magnetic field is excluded inside the plasma due to diamagnetism) and not by the ions which have a different kinetic energy profile (slow at the electron / magnetic field boundary and fast at the plasma center - bottom of the potential well). Therefore your analysis is missing the dynamics of the plasma in the Polywell.
Counting the days to commercial fusion. It is not that long now.

Tom Ligon
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by Tom Ligon »

Time for a little tokamak primer, I think. Not from me, from an actual expert.

As I stated above, but maybe you missed, magnetic pressure is a function of magnetic field strength. straight out of the NRL Plasma Formulary, which gives the result in atmospheres. Evidently nobody dares change this archaic unit that has been adopted by fusion researchers since, well, a long time.

If you are working in Teslas, 3.98 B^2 gives magnetic pressure in Atmospheres. So at 5T that works out to 98.25 atmospheres. Straight from the Plasma Formulary.

If you intend to operate at beta = 1, then by definition, plasma pressure MUST equal that. If it cannot, then you're not at beta = 1. Which appears to have been the case in ALL of RWB's work, regardless of what he thought. He was stuck at a much lower beta. But Dr. Park got to beta of about 0.7. It takes a pretty big hammer.

Tokamaks work at a much lower beta, too. Just what that beta is will depend on the particular machine and the experiment, but evidently 0.05-0.08 is considered pretty good. Magnetic fields quoted vary quite a bit as well. We've been hearing about 12 T magnets but they're not always that strong. Tokamaks dare not approach beta = 1 due to the plasma pushing against concave fields, which are unstable.

So lets look at some sources of data here. We'll start with Prof. Cowley, director at JET.

http://www.psfc.mit.edu/library1/catalo ... cowley.pdf

We'll see he uses the same formula for magnetic pressure (rounds 3.98 off to 4) and puts beta on ITER at 0.08, and the axial field at 5.2T. He shows fusion power as proportional to the square of plasma pressure. If you look at slide 7, he puts magnetic pressure at 100 atmospheres, and plasma pressure at about 7 atmospheres. Mind you, this is in a 20 keV plasma. I'd think it a stretch to just say to apply ideal gas law extrapolated to 100 million K, but obviously we're not talking about 7 atmospheres of D-T at room temperature. Cowley shows us that fusion power increases by the square of plasma pressure ... he wants all he can get.

So, yes, the magnetic pressure cited in Dr. Park's talk at 5T is correct. To get to beta = 1, by definition, plasma pressure must equal that. It can be higher than a tokamak because the convex field structure of a Polywell's cusps are stable ... they compress back like foam rubber and stiffen up as they compress, if that helps you picture it (that's my analogy for science fiction audiences).

That leaves the question of can you get to beta = 1? Bussard did not. Park and his crew of loyal hunchbacks figured out how, or at least how to get pretty close, and they injected power on only 2 of the cusps.

Now the question is, does it scale? Can this be pushed to work on a 5T, 2 meter radius machine, and achieve net power? What intermediate steps, if any, are needed? We know Dr. Bussard would have jumped straight to full scale if allowed to. We know Dr. Park has an intermediate in mind. Neither Bussard nor Park proposed hanging electrical power generation equipment off the machine before demonstrated net power.

Now the question is, is the cost reasonable, and can funding be found? GIThruster thinks $300 million is a deal killer. My opinion is, if this were 1805, $300 million would have been a deal killer. Today, I have to ask, what technologically savvy superpower could NOT try this? I can understand that there are a lot of capitalists out there who would rather invest in Shake Shack or Box. Me, I have a Box account, it is crap, and I would not invest in the company. And fast food is beneath my dignity as an investor.

I said it before, and I'll say it again. If I had ... OK, the number is up since my last pronouncement ... $300 million to spare, this thing would be funded already. (Ligon sadly opens wallet and sees $28).

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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by GIThruster »

Tom Ligon wrote:Now the question is, is the cost reasonable, and can funding be found? GIThruster thinks $300 million is a deal killer. My opinion is, if this were 1805, $300 million would have been a deal killer. Today, I have to ask, what technologically savvy superpower could NOT try this? I can understand that there are a lot of capitalists out there who would rather invest in Shake Shack or Box. Me, I have a Box account, it is crap, and I would not invest in the company. And fast food is beneath my dignity as an investor.

I said it before, and I'll say it again. If I had ... OK, the number is up since my last pronouncement ... $300 million to spare, this thing would be funded already. (Ligon sadly opens wallet and sees $28).
I think you need to bear in mind that amongst those portions of the USG that are intended to pay for explorations like this, $5M is a lot of money. DARPA and ARPA-E make much smaller grants quite often, and larger grants almost never. For you to stipulate that just because USG has the money, they will spend the money, is naive in the extreme, and the same exact naivete Bussard demonstrated when he presumed he'd find multi-billion dollar funding. That kind of funding is only justified as an employment program, and not given to select individuals who are beyond the control of politicians.

And just saying, people need to stop thinking like idiots when it comes to money. Just because there may be a trillion dollar value in a fusion approach does not mean anyone is going to fund it. How many years experience with lack of funding do we need to begin to start thinking like adults on this subject? When you tell someone you need $300M, for what you could do for $30M, you shoot yourself in the leg and guarantee you will not get funded. This is what is happening here and to call it something else is to demonstrate one can't think sensibly on this subject.
"Courage is not just a virtue, but the form of every virtue at the testing point." C. S. Lewis

Tom Ligon
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by Tom Ligon »

I knew this would be your answer, GIT. This is the same business model on which you say a UAV that can fly faster than 30 kts is a waste of money because you could do the same job with a park-flyer foamy bought in the Walmart toy shop. (Ligon hides behind a desk so as not to be hit by the objects about to be thrown. :) )

I understand. Really, I do. I'm a cheap SOB myself, and probably would try to poor-boy a cheaper solution. I cringe when I hear what some of these big physics projects spend on hardware.

Everyone complains that fusion is always 20-30 years away. But a consequence of that is that we have a number of people working on it who have 60 years of experience to draw on. They've now got a pretty clear picture in their heads of how may $ it takes to build a tokamak. Might it be possible to find a somewhat cheaper way to do it? Probably. But honestly, a 90% cut would destroy any hope of even the poor boys doing it. If labor were the main cost, it might mean China or India could still have a chance (they can build space hardware cheaper than we do.)

http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publicatio ... -DS-21.pdf

The plain and simple fact is, based on size and tonnage of what is essentially a re-arrangement of similar components, those estimates should apply pretty well to a Polywell. The difference is that the Polywell is a lot smaller, so it will cost less. This fact alone should be enough. Here's a project with world-changing potential, a lot cheaper than an approach already underway that requires multiple nations to fund it, cheap enough that it actually can be pursued by a wealthy individual or a relatively small group of investors. The potential payoff is enormous.

It is not for everyone. GIThruster's checkbook is hidden soundly under his mattress. I could be a small time contributor but that's the limit of my resources. But with 6 gigapersons on the planet, and 1% of those supposedly owning about half of everything, probably there is a handful out there with a different assessment of the situation. And that is all it takes.

GIThruster
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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by GIThruster »

Tom, take a moment and roleplay the position of the investor.

You've got these guys working about a decade now with almost no funding that have made remarkable headway. Their approach shows great promise. They are one of half a dozen approaches, and pretty much in the lead, but the other approaches have better financial backing and larger, smarter teams working their problems.

Poly scientist comes to you and says "hey, we needed to solve the electron thing and we did. Now we need to solve the proton thing. After that we need to solve both together. Then we need to operate continuously. Then we need to scale to commercial size." He is 4 steps from commercialization and each step represents its own risks. Note too, this team has already failed so far as being a team. The team leader has been replaced twice--the first time by a death and the second time by attrition. That attrition is a HUGE red flag for any investor.

Now said scientist tells you that despite he is not ready to build a prototype, nor even a machine that can operate continuously; he wants $300M.

Try not to laugh nor spray your coffee across the room.

Just saying, you folks need to wake up and smell the coffee. Real life does not operate the way you seem to think it does. No one is going to fund the Poly for $300M at this stage, except unless there is an act of God through Congress. That would be a first, wouldn't it? Is that what you're holding out for?

Just saying, there needs to be a completely different approach to funding taken and it appears there is no one involved here who has the slightest idea what they're doing. They should be putting together a proposal for a very few million dollars and 2-3 years with very specific, achievable goals and they're not doing it. Either EMC2 gets their shit together or the whole Poly project will go belly up. They cannot get traction making these kinds of mistakes.
"Courage is not just a virtue, but the form of every virtue at the testing point." C. S. Lewis

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Re: A Sequel to The Google Talk

Post by MSimon »

This is what VC looks for:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asYPbPfKd7w

Text version:
http://www.paulgraham.com/founders.html

Smart is a given. After that #1 on the list is determination. But read the whole thing.
Engineering is the art of making what you want from what you can get at a profit.

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