Giorgio wrote:Axil wrote:The quantum mechanical behavior of coherent and entangled matter is not that well understood currently.
I believe that when nuclear reactions take place when matter is in this coherent and entangled state, nuclear radiation is suppressed in favor of lattice heating.
This is not new science, but only an unusual and little understood outcome of quantum mechanical behavior between radiation and exotic matter.
What entangled state?
Do you think you can get a Nickel powder in an hydrogen atmosphere into an entangled state simply by supplying
heat ?
What exotic matter?
In the Rossi reactor, I believe that clusters of coherent, entangled and inverted ultra dense Rydburg hydrogen condensate crystals are formed on the surface of a doped solid such as graphite. The graphite is most likely coated with potassium. Such clusters of ions attain a long average lifetime due to the high pressure and temperatures maintained within the hydrogen envelope of the reaction vessel. This long lifetime is sufficient to permit the ions to drift across the hot high pressure hydrogen envelope. Once they reach the etched nickel oxide nano-powder affixed to the reaction vessel walls, a hybrid hydride reaction occurs with the highly eroded nickel oxide surface layer.
Rydburg matter.
In more detail, the formation of Rydburg hydrogen is most easily formed from the surfaces of carbon or metal oxides. These planar clusters have six-fold symmetry and contain 7, 19, 37, 61, or 91 atoms. These numbers are the so called magic numbers for closed-pack clusters.
An alkaline metal with an electric low work function can catalyze the Rydburg cluster emissions especially from the surface of a carbon solid. A metal oxide as the source of Rydburg hydrogen is not possible because the hydrogen envelope would erode its surface to the point of ineffectiveness.
There appears to be and electronic mechanism that allows a potassium coating to form Rydburg crystals at or very near the surface of a graphite substrate.
Under the assumption that the fusion of these variously sized Rydburg clusters is at the bottom of the Rossi reaction, this distribution in the number of protons based on Rydburg magic number could be the mechanism that produces the various light elements found in the nuclear ash of the Rossi reactor.
In these Rydburg clusters, the electrons provide the main structure in which the ions are moving. The ion cores are embedded in a sea of electrons which shield the ions from each other as in an ordinary metal.
Because they are quantum mechanically entangled, these multi-atom crystals of hydrogen behave as a single atom. These clusters are very long lived and grow increasingly ionized by atomic and electron impacts that come from the high pressure and temperature of the hydrogen envelope. These increasing ionization levels extend the lifetimes of the ions.
Reference:
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/ ... 3715v4.pdf
It is nevertheless already clear from the above data that entangled states are favored in the stoichiometric regime. The existence of a low temperature phase in which all the deuterons cohere in a mesoscopically entangled state is hence strongly indicated.
The only state of hydrogen where the “low temperature phase in which all the deuterons cohere” is hydrogen formed as Rydburg matter. Forming hydrogen in a fermionic condensate is near impossible in any other way and requires ultra low temperatures.
Rydberg ions and molecules
One of the metastable states of strongly non-ideal plasma is Rydberg matter, which forms upon condensation of excited atoms. These atoms can also turn into ions and electrons if they reach a certain temperature. In April 2009, Nature reported the creation of Rydberg molecules from a Rydberg atom and a ground state atom, confirming that such a state of matter could exist. The experiment was performed using ultracold rubidium atoms.
More generally, these clusters behave and in fact mimic negatively charged hydrogen ions with sufficiently long lifetimes to enter into the lattice defects.
These defects have been produced by hydrogen erosion of the nickel oxide nano-powder when the hydrogen gas was first loaded into the reaction chamber at reactor startup.
After this adsorption step, these complex H- ions interact with the nickel atoms that form the walls of the lattice defect. It is possible that a number of these complex H- ions can be confined in the nickel lattice defect. In accordance with the Pauli Exclusion Principle and with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the conditions are created for replacing electrons of the nickel metal atoms with these complex entangled assemblages of hydrogen atoms, thereby forming metal-hydrogen complex atomic formations.
So at the end of this absorption process, these complex H- ions are adsorbed into the lattice interstices of the nano-powder, or by adsorption at the grain edges, by trapping the negatively charged Rydburg ions into the lattice defects; replacement of an atom of the nickel metal lattice holes may also occur.
This event can take place due to the fermion nature of these complex Rydburg H- ions; however, since H- ions have a very large composite atomic mass many times larger than an electron mass, they tend to penetrate very deeply into the nickel lattice structure of the nickel oxide nano-powder, and cause an emission of Auger electrons and of X rays.
Thermal oscillations in the metal lattice tend to compress the large number of highly compacted hydrogen atoms which comprise the Rydburg-ion(s) causing a structural reorganization of subatomic particles and freeing energy by mass defect; a fraction of the protons of this assemblage of sequestered hydrogen atoms will absorb and carry this fusion reaction energy which expels them at high speed from the local of the reaction as individual protons, and can generate secondary nuclear reactions within the immediately adjacent neighboring nickel metal cores.
A much denser state exists for hydrogen, named H(-1). It is called ultra-dense or degenerate hydrogen. This is the inverse of hydrogen at the ground state H(1), and the bond distance is very small, equal to 2.3 pm (0.023 angstroms). Its density is extremely large, >130 kg / cm3 (130,000 times as dense as water), if it can exist as a dense phase. Due to the short bond distance between subatomic particles, H-H fusion is expected to take place easily in this material.
This material is probably an inverted metal with the deuterons moving in the field from the stationary electrons. This reduces the size of the atom because the heavy nucleus orbits the light electron. This gives a predicted interatomic distance of 2.5 pm, close to the measured value. Experiments show that an ultra-dense deuterium material exists.
I have yet to see external experimental demonstration of inverted hydrogen H(-1) so far carried out, but if it existes as so far indicated in the Ross process a lot of it could fix inside a lattice defect.
The energy pumping actions of subatomic particles by phonons in the hot lattice is a primary causative factor which can stimulate and add energy to Rydburg matter to cause inversion to the H(-1) state. Once H(-1) is in the lattice defect, fusion is easy because the distances between sub atomic particles is so short. Just add a little pressure and you have fusion.
