D Tibbets wrote: This solution bothered me. Was N1 62 to Cu63 an exception to the binding energy limits? It appears so when looking at the mass/ energy difference comparison. But after some research, I conclude that this is a misunderstanding on your part. As pointed out in the quote below, any nucleus will have a shortfall between it's mass and the mass of its constituents. This difference is the binding energy. This ratio maximizes at iron- thus it's position at the peak of the binding energy curve.
"Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron, but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it. The difference is a measure of the nuclear binding energy which holds the nucleus together."
Thus when building elements heavier than Fe this binding energy / mass ratio drops. Another way too look at is that while the total mass/ energy in heavier elements is greater, the harvestable energy through nuclear processes is decreassed. Your decreassed mass of Cu63 comparred to Ni62 + proton does not mean that you have released free energy (exthermic), it means that the cupper63 has less total energy (E=MC^2) than the Ni62 +proton. ie: you had to put energy into the system to make the atom.
By this logic, since the total mass of two protons and two neutrons (4.033u) is more than the mass of the Helium they make (4.002u), I have to put energy into the system to get them to stick and thus fusion is an endothermic reaction. Sorry, not buying it.
A planet has greater gravitational binding energy than the dust from whence it came, but it releases a LOT of energy getting there.
This could be interesting. Stremmenos is a physicist and how could be supposed, had tested the e-cat.
His theory show how the 511 KeV are emitted by the nucleus but never go out from the nickel lattice. So they are there, do their dirty job, but are never see out of the lattice.
I believe that, as stated above, these photons are the trigger of fusion at a multiplicative series, based on the photoelectric effect inside the crystalline structure.
The two γ photons can export symmetrically (180°) two electrons from the nearest Nickel atoms. The stimulation, due to the high energy of γ, concerns electrons of internal bands of two different atoms of the lattice and has as a prerequisite the absorption of all the energy of the photon. A small part of that energy is being consumed for the export of the electron from the atom and the rest is being transformed into kinetic energy of the electron (thermal energy).
The result of that procedure is to enrich the “delocalized plasma” with high energy electrons that will contribute multiplicatively (by a factor of two) at the progress of the cold fusion nuclear reactions of hydrogen and nickel and at the same time transform the hazardous γ radiation into useful thermal energy.