Grurgle-the-Grey wrote:In precision metrology, the Josephson effect provides an exactly reproducible conversion between frequency and voltage. Since the frequency is already defined precisely and practically by the caesium standard, the Josephson effect is used, for most practical purposes, to give the definition of a volt (although, as of July 2007, this is not the official BIPM definition[4]]).
I must admit that I did not go deeply into the "AC-current" and will first have to know the circuit they are using, and what they are measuring to conclude that there is actually an AC-current across the junction.
What I did, was to show that when you place a voltage V over the insulating junction, then "photons" are emitted, each with a frequency 2qV where q is the charge of a single charge-carrier: i.e. the radiation is
not caused by doubly-charged charge-carriers, but by singly charged charge-carriers, which move from an energy level on the high energy side into an energy-level 2qV lower on the low energy side. Thus, the light is not caused by an AC current but by "quantum jumps" as it must on the quantum scale. If Josephson's derivation is correct the charge-carriers causing the AC current
must be doubly-charged; and jump to-and-for through the junction. I find this highly unlikely on the quantum scale.
It is an extremely accurate sinusoidal AC and isn't associated with quantum fluctuations.
Within a superconductor the charges are transferred by quantum fluctuations, or else they will accelerate and emit radiation. When they move through the junction with a voltage V across it, they are accelerated to emit "photons" with a minimum energy qV; but, in addition, since the charge-carriers on the low energy side have a lower polarization energy (also by an amount qV) than on the high energy side, the "photon" energy is 2qV, even though the charge on the charge-carrier is only q.
Whilst I agree that any SC model involving electron pairing is wrong it doesn't alter the fact that the Josephson equations check out 100% in the lab. The Josephson equations say nothing about electron-pairing, using rather the Ginzberg-Landau complex phase order parameter
Yes it is amazing that this "phase-order" concept seems to work in this case, but it is of course not real physics. Aharanov and Bohm used the same phase order to deduce a paranormal interaction between an electron and a magnetic field, while, as they claim, the electron charge does not move through the magnetic field.
The fact is that when analyzing the problem in terms of the boundary conditions, instead of fudging a fictitious "phase order field" the electron's center of charge does actually move smack bang through the magnetic field.
Also you will see in the ARPES paper that McElroy uses STM on an active super-conductor. Josephson coupling has only been seen between SCs, if they were only normal electrons then his STM signal would have first registered a Josephson signal before getting into normal operating range for electrons.
Unfortunately I do not now have the time to study these papers in detail since I am overloaded with tasks which are more important to my investors. When I have time I will look at these papers and get back to you.
This was not seen and proves conclusively that SC is not caused by electrons.
The charge-carriers
within any material are not electrons, but localized electron-waves. In normal conductors these localized states are wave-packets (pseudo-electrons); and in a superconductor they are localized stationary orbitals which move by means of quantum fluctuations. There are no "free electrons" within any material unless an electron enters the material with an energy larger than its rest mass energy. The "electron"-waves which "glue" the atoms, and form the charge-carriers by superposition, each has less energy than the rest-mass energy of an electron and can thus not be "free electrons".
It would be worthwhile looking at that McElroy paper to see his measurements, since your model must explain what he measures.